How to accurately measure your 1RM
One of the most important numbers in strength training is your 1RM, or one-rep max—the maximum amount of weight you can lift for one complete repetition of a given exercise.
Accurately measuring your 1RM is crucial for programming, understanding your current strength level, and tracking progress over time. But what exactly is the science behind 1RM, and how can you measure it safely and effectively?
What is 1RM?
Setgraph automatically breaks down percentages of your 1RM for you
One-rep max (1RM) is commonly used in exercises such as the bench press, squat, and deadlift to assess overall strength. Many training programs are based on percentages of your 1RM. For example, you may lift 70% of your 1RM for sets of 8-12 reps in hypertrophy training or 85-95% for strength-focused sets of 2-5 reps.
The Physiology of 1RM
When you attempt a heavy lift, several physiological processes occur:
Muscle Fiber Recruitment: Your muscles contain different types of fibers, each suited to different tasks. Type I fibers are endurance-oriented, while Type II fibers are more geared toward strength and power. Lifting near your 1RM activates a higher proportion of Type II fibers, which are responsible for producing maximal force.
Neural Drive: Your central nervous system (CNS) plays a crucial role in recruiting as many muscle fibers as possible for maximal effort. As you approach your 1RM, your brain sends stronger and more frequent signals to your muscles, allowing them to exert maximal force.
Mechanical Tension: When lifting heavy weights, the mechanical tension placed on your muscles is at its peak. This tension is the primary stimulus for strength adaptation, triggering muscle growth (hypertrophy) and increased neuromuscular efficiency.
Fatigue and Muscle Failure: In a 1RM lift, you are pushing your muscles to their absolute limit. Fatigue sets in rapidly, making it difficult to perform more than one repetition. The point of failure is where your muscles can no longer generate enough force to lift the weight.
Why Test Your 1RM?
Progress Tracking: Your 1RM provides a clear and measurable indicator of your strength. Over time, as you increase your 1RM, it’s a sign that your training is effective and that you’re gaining strength.
Training Optimization: Many strength programs are built around percentages of your 1RM. Knowing this number allows you to lift at the correct intensity for your goals, whether you’re focusing on hypertrophy, strength, or endurance.
Motivation: Achieving a new 1RM can be a significant milestone in your fitness journey, providing motivation and a sense of accomplishment.
How to Safely Test Your 1RM
While testing your 1RM can be rewarding, it also comes with some risks, particularly if you’re lifting heavy without proper preparation.
Before attempting a 1RM test, make sure you’re well-prepared. This involves:
Adequate Warm-Up: Perform a thorough warm-up to get your muscles and joints ready for heavy lifting. Start with 5-10 minutes of light cardio, followed by dynamic stretches and mobility exercises specific to the lift you’re testing.
Gradual Load Progression: Don’t jump straight into heavy weights. Start with lighter sets to prime your muscles and CNS. For example, perform 5 reps at 50% of your estimated 1RM, followed by 3 reps at 70%, then 2 reps at 80-85%.
Proper Form: Maintaining good form is essential when testing your 1RM. Poor technique increases the risk of injury, especially when lifting near-maximal weights. Focus on keeping your back neutral, engaging your core, and ensuring proper joint alignment throughout the movement.
Use a Spotter: Having a spotter or someone to assist you is highly recommended, especially for lifts like the bench press or squat. A spotter can help ensure your safety if you fail the lift and provide guidance on form.
Rest Between Attempts: Rest for 3-5 minutes between attempts to allow your muscles to recover and recharge your CNS.
Limit Attempts: Don’t exhaust yourself by attempting too many 1RM lifts in a single session. Lifters perform 3-5 attempts at increasing weights, with the final attempt being their true 1RM.
Estimating 1RM Without Maxing Out
In some cases, especially for beginners or those recovering from injury, testing a true 1RM may not be practical or safe. Instead, you can estimate your 1RM using submaximal efforts. By lifting a lighter weight for multiple repetitions, you can use an equation or a 1RM calculator to estimate your maximum lift. Here’s a common formula:
Estimated 1RM = Weight Lifted × (1 + Reps Performed/ 30)
For example, if you can lift 200 lbs for 5 reps, your estimated 1RM would be:
200 × (1 + 530) = 200 × 1.167 = 233lbs
This estimation method is useful for gauging strength without the risks of true maximal lifting.
The Role of 1RM in Different Lifting Programs
Different strength programs use 1RM in various ways, often based on percentages. Here are a few examples:
Hypertrophy Training: Typically, hypertrophy programs focus on lifting 60-75% of your 1RM for higher reps (8-12 reps).
Strength Training: Strength programs often involve lifting 80-95% of your 1RM for low reps (2-5 reps) to maximize neuromuscular adaptation.
Powerlifting and Olympic Lifting: In competitive lifting, athletes frequently test their 1RM to track progress and set new records in the squat, deadlift, bench press, or Olympic lifts like the snatch and clean & jerk.
Conclusion
The 1RM is a powerful tool for strength athletes and recreational lifters alike. It serves as a benchmark of your maximal strength and helps adjust your training to meet specific goals.
Setgraph includes built-in 1RM calculators. You can estimate your 1RM without the need for maximal testing by inputting lighter lifts for multiple reps, and we automatically break down percentages of your 1RM for you.
